66.C Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods

C Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods

In this example, you'll learn to calculate the difference between two time periods using user defined - differenceBetweenTimePeriod function.

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming User-defined functions
• C Programming Structure
• How to pass structure to a function in C programming?
• C Programming Structure and Pointer

Example: Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods

#include <stdio.h>
struct TIME
{
  int seconds;
  int minutes;
  int hours;
};
void differenceBetweenTimePeriod(struct TIME t1, struct TIME t2, struct TIME *diff);

int main()
{
    struct TIME startTime, stopTime, diff;

    printf("Enter start time: \n");
    printf("Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d", &startTime.hours, &startTime.minutes, &startTime.seconds);

    printf("Enter stop time: \n");
    printf("Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d", &stopTime.hours, &stopTime.minutes, &stopTime.seconds);

    // Calculate the difference between the start and stop time period.
    differenceBetweenTimePeriod(startTime, stopTime, &diff);

    printf("\nTIME DIFFERENCE: %d:%d:%d - ", startTime.hours, startTime.minutes, startTime.seconds);
    printf("%d:%d:%d ", stopTime.hours, stopTime.minutes, stopTime.seconds);
    printf("= %d:%d:%d\n", diff.hours, diff.minutes, diff.seconds);

    return 0;
}

void differenceBetweenTimePeriod(struct TIME start, struct TIME stop, struct TIME *diff)
{
    if(stop.seconds > start.seconds){
        --start.minutes;
        start.seconds += 60;
    }

    diff->seconds = start.seconds - stop.seconds;
    if(stop.minutes > start.minutes){
        --start.hours;
        start.minutes += 60;
    }

    diff->minutes = start.minutes - stop.minutes;
    diff->hours = start.hours - stop.hours;
}

Output

Enter start time:
Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively: 12
34
55
Enter stop time:
Enter hours, minutes and seconds respectively:8
12
15

TIME DIFFERENCE: 12:34:55 - 8:12:15 = 4:22:40

In this program, user is asked to enter two time periods and these two periods are stored in structure variables startTime and stopTime respectively.

Then, the function differenceBetweenTimePeriod calculates the difference between the time periods and the result is displayed in main() function without returning it (Using call by reference technique).

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Store Information Using Structures with Dynamically Memory Allocation
• C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference
• C Program to Calculate the Power of a Number

65.C Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Structure to a Function

C Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Structure to a Function

This program takes two complex numbers as structures and adds them with the use of functions.

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Structure
• How to pass structure to a function in C programming?

Example: Add Two Complex Numbers

#include <stdio.h>
typedef struct complex
{
    float real;
    float imag;
} complex;
complex add(complex n1,complex n2);

int main()
{
    complex n1, n2, temp;

    printf("For 1st complex number \n");
    printf("Enter real and imaginary part respectively:\n");
    scanf("%f %f", &n1.real, &n1.imag);

    printf("\nFor 2nd complex number \n");
    printf("Enter real and imaginary part respectively:\n");
    scanf("%f %f", &n2.real, &n2.imag);

    temp = add(n1, n2);
    printf("Sum = %.1f + %.1fi", temp.real, temp.imag);

    return 0;
}

complex add(complex n1, complex n2)
{
      complex temp;

      temp.real = n1.real + n2.real;
      temp.imag = n1.imag + n2.imag;

      return(temp);
}

Output

For 1st complex number
Enter real and imaginary part respectively: 2.3
4.5

For 2nd complex number
Enter real and imaginary part respectively: 3.4
5
Sum = 5.7 + 9.5i

In this program, structures n1 and n2 are passed as an argument of function add().

This function computes the sum and returns the structure variable temp to the main() function.

Check out these related examples:

• C program to Find all Roots of a Quadratic equation
• C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference
• C Program to Calculate the Power of a Number

64.C Program to Add Two Distances (in inch-feet) System Using Structures

C Program to Add Two Distances (in inch-feet) System Using Structures

This program takes two distances (in inch-feet system), adds them and displays the result on the screen.

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Structure

Example: Program to add two distances in inch-feet system

#include <stdio.h>

struct Distance
{
    int feet;
    float inch;
} d1, d2, sumOfDistances;

int main()
{
    printf("Enter information for 1st distance\n");
    printf("Enter feet: ");
    scanf("%d", &d1.feet);
    printf("Enter inch: ");
    scanf("%f", &d1.inch);

    printf("\nEnter information for 2nd distance\n");
    printf("Enter feet: ");
    scanf("%d", &d2.feet);
    printf("Enter inch: ");
    scanf("%f", &d2.inch);


    sumOfDistances.feet = d1.feet+d2.feet;
    sumOfDistances.inch = d1.inch+d2.inch;

    // If inch is greater than 12, changing it to feet.

    if (sumOfDistances.inch>12.0)
    {
        sumOfDistances.inch = sumOfDistances.inch-12.0;
        ++sumOfDistances.feet;
    }

    printf("\nSum of distances = %d\'-%.1f\"",sumOfDistances.feet, sumOfDistances.inch);
    return 0;
}

Output

Enter information for 1st distance
Enter feet: 23
Enter inch: 8.6

Enter information for 2nd distance
Enter feet: 34
Enter inch: 2.4

Sum of distances = 57'-11.0"

In this program, a structure Distance is defined. The structure has two members inch (a float) and feet (an integer).

Two variables (d1 and d2) are created which stores two distances (in inch and feet). Then, the sum of two distances is stored in sumOfDistances structure and displayed on the screen.

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Store Information of Students Using Structure
• C Program to Store Information(name, roll and marks) of a Student Using Structure
• C Program to Store Information Using Structures with Dynamically Memory Allocation

63.C Program to Store Information(name, roll and marks) of a Student Using Structure

C Program to Store Information(name, roll and marks) of a Student Using Structure

This program stores the information (name, roll and marks) of a student and displays it on the screen using structures.

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Structure

In this program, a structure, student is created.

This structure has three members: name (string), roll (integer) and marks (float).

Then, a structure variable s is created to store information and display it on the screen.

Example: Store Information and Display it Using Structure

#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
    char name[50];
    int roll;
    float marks;
} s;

int main()
{
    printf("Enter information:\n");

    printf("Enter name: ");
    scanf("%s", s.name);

    printf("Enter roll number: ");
    scanf("%d", &s.roll);

    printf("Enter marks: ");
    scanf("%f", &s.marks);


    printf("Displaying Information:\n");

    printf("Name: ");
    puts(s.name);

    printf("Roll number: %d\n",s.roll);

    printf("Marks: %.1f\n", s.marks);

    return 0;
}

Output

Enter information:
Enter name: Jack
Enter roll number: 23
Enter marks: 34.5
Displaying Information:
Name: Jack
Roll number: 23
Marks: 34.5

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Store Information of Students Using Structure
• C Program to Store Information Using Structures with Dynamically Memory Allocation
• C Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Structure to a Function

62.C Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary Order)

C Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary Order)

This program sorts the 10 strings (entered by the user) in lexicographical order (dictionary order).

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Multidimensional Arrays
• C Programming Strings
• String Manipulations In C Programming Using Library Functions

This program takes 10 words(strings) from the user and sorts them in lexicographical order.

Example: Program to Sort Strings in Dictionary Order

#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    int i, j;
    char str[10][50], temp[50];

    printf("Enter 10 words:\n");

    for(i=0; i<10; ++i)
        scanf("%s[^\n]",str[i]);


    for(i=0; i<9; ++i)
        for(j=i+1; j<10 ; ++j)
        {
            if(strcmp(str[i], str[j])>0)
            {
                strcpy(temp, str[i]);
                strcpy(str[i], str[j]);
                strcpy(str[j], temp);
            }
        }

    printf("\nIn lexicographical order: \n");
    for(i=0; i<10; ++i)
    {
        puts(str[i]);
    }

    return 0;
}

Output

Enter 10 words:
C
C++
Java
PHP
Python
Perl
Ruby
R
JavaScript
PHP

In lexicographical order: 
C
C++
Java
JavaScript
PHP
PHP
Perl
Python
R
Ruby

To solve this program, a two-dimensional string str is created.

This string can hold maximum of 10 strings and each string can have maximum of 50 characters (including null character).

To compare two strings, strcmp() function is used. Also, we used strcpy() function to copy string to a temporary string temp.

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()
• C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabet
• C Program Swap Numbers in Cyclic Order Using Call by Reference

61.C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()

C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()

In this article, you'll learn to copy string without using the library function strcpy().

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Arrays
• C Programming Strings
• C Programming for Loop

You can use the strcpy() function to copy the content of one string to another but, this program copies the content of one string to another manually without using strcpy() function.

Example: Copy String Manually Without Using strcpy()

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char s1[100], s2[100], i;

    printf("Enter string s1: ");
    scanf("%s",s1);

    for(i = 0; s1[i] != '\0'; ++i)
    {
        s2[i] = s1[i];
    }

    s2[i] = '\0';
    printf("String s2: %s", s2);

    return 0;
}

Output

Enter String s1: programiz 
String s2: programiz

This above program copies the content of string s1 to string s2 manually.

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Find the Length of a String
• C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabet
• C Program to Find the Frequency of Characters in a String

60.C Program to Concatenate Two Strings

C Program to Concatenate Two Strings

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of following C programming topics:

• C Programming Arrays
• C Programming Strings
• C Programming for Loop

You can concatenate two strings easily using standard library function strcat() but, this program concatenates two strings manually without using strcat() function.

Example: Concatenate Two Strings Without Using strcat()

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char s1[100], s2[100], i, j;

    printf("Enter first string: ");
    scanf("%s", s1);

    printf("Enter second string: ");
    scanf("%s", s2);

    // calculate the length of string s1
    // and store it in i
    for(i = 0; s1[i] != '\0'; ++i);

    for(j = 0; s2[j] != '\0'; ++j, ++i)
    {
        s1[i] = s2[j];
    }

    s1[i] = '\0';
    printf("After concatenation: %s", s1);

    return 0;
}

Output

Enter first string: lol
Enter second string: :)
After concatenation: lol:)

Check out these related examples:

• C Program to Find the Length of a String
• C Program to Copy String Without Using strcpy()
• C Program to Remove all Characters in a String Except Alphabet